Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

The first three domains of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. PDB rendering based on 1igr.
Identifiers
Symbols IGF1R; CD221; IGFIR; IGFR; JTK13; MGC142170; MGC142172; MGC18216
External IDs OMIM147370 MGI96433 HomoloGene30997 GeneCards: IGF1R Gene
EC number 2.7.10.1
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 3480 16001
Ensembl ENSG00000140443 ENSMUSG00000005533
UniProt P08069 Q3U1L4
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000875.3 NM_010513.2
RefSeq (protein) NP_000866.1 NP_034643.2
Location (UCSC) Chr 15:
99.19 – 99.51 Mb
Chr 7:
75.1 – 75.37 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]

The Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Receptor is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by IGF-1 and by the related growth factor IGF-2. It belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors. This receptor mediates the effects of IGF-1, which is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. IGF-1 plays an important role in growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults - meaning that it can induce hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and other target tissues. Mice lacking the IGF-1 receptor die late in development, and show a dramatic reduction in body mass, testifying to the strong growth-promoting effect of this receptor. Mice carrying only one functional copy of igf1r are normal, but exhibit a ~15% decrease in body mass.

Contents

Structure

Two alpha subunits and two beta subunits make up the IGF-1 receptor. Both the α and β subunits are synthesized from a single mRNA precursor. The precursor is then glycosylated, proteolytically cleaved, and crosslinked by cysteine bonds to form a functional transmembrane αβ chain.[1] The α chains are located extracellularly while the β subunit spans the membrane and are responsible for intracellular signal transduction upon ligand stimulation. The mature IGF-IR has a molecular weight of approximately 320 kDa. The receptor is a member of a family which consists of the Insulin Receptor and the IGF-2R (and their respective ligands IGF-1 and IGF-2), along with several IGF-binding proteins.

IGF-1R and IR both have a binding site for ATP, which is used to provide the phosphates for autophosphorylation (see below). There is a 60% homology between IGF-1R and the insulin receptor.

In response to ligand binding, the α chains induce the tyrosine autophosphorylation of the β chains. This event triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling that, while somewhat cell type specific, often promotes cell survival and cell proliferation.[2][3]

Family members

Tyrosine kinase receptors, including the IGF-1 receptor, mediate their activity by causing the addition of a phosphate groups to particular tyrosines on certain proteins within a cell. This addition of phosphate induces what are called "cell signaling" cascades - and the usual result of activation of the IGF-1 receptor is survival and proliferation in mitosis-competent cells, and growth (hypertrophy) in tissues such as skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

During embryonic development, the IGF-1R pathway is involved with the developing limb buds.

The IGFR signalling pathway is of critical importance during normal development of mammary gland tissue during pregnancy and lactation. During pregnancy, there is intense proliferation of epithelial cells which form the duct and gland tissue. Following weaning, the cells undergo apoptosis and all the tissue is destroyed. Several growth factors and hormones are involved in this overall process, and IGF-1R is believed to have roles in the differentiation of the cells and a key role in inhibiting apoptosis until weaning is complete.

Function

Role in cancer

The IGF-1R is implicated in several cancers,[4][5] including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. In some instances its anti-apoptotic properties allow cancerous cells to resist the cytotoxic properties of chemotheraputic drugs or radiotherapy. In breast cancer, where EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib are being used to inhibit the EGFR signaling pathway, IGF-1R confers resistance by forming one half of a heterodimer (see the description of EGFR signal transduction in the erlotinib page), allowing EGFR signaling to resume in the presence of a suitable inhibitor. This process is referred to as crosstalk between EGFR and IGF-1R. It is further implicated in breast cancer by increasing the metastatic potential of the original tumour by inferring the ability to promote vascularisation.

Increased levels of the IGF-IR are expressed in the majority of primary and metastatic prostate cancer patient tumors.[6] Evidence suggests that IGF-IR signaling is required for survival and growth when prostate cancer cells progress to androgen independence.[7] In addition, when immortalized prostate cancer cells mimicking advanced disease are treated with the IGF-1R ligand, IGF-1, the cells become more motile.[8] Members of the IGF receptor family and their ligands also seem to be involved in the carcinogenesis of mammary tumors of dogs.[9][10]

Role in insulin signaling

IGF-1 binds to at least two cell surface receptors: the IGF1 Receptor (IGFR), and the insulin receptor. The IGF-1 receptor seems to be the "physiologic" receptor - it binds IGF-1 at significantly higher affinity than it binds the insulin receptor. Like the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase - meaning it signals by causing the addition of a phosphate molecule on particular tyrosines. IGF-1 activates the Insulin receptor at approximately 0.1x the potency of insulin. Part of this signaling may be via IGF1R-InsulinReceptor heterodimers (the reason for the confusion is that binding studies show that IGF1 binds the insulin receptor 100-fold less well than insulin, yet that does not correlate with the actual potency of IGF1 in vivo at inducing phosphorylation of the Insulin receptor, and hypoglycemia).

Effects of aging

Studies in female mice have shown that both supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lose approximately one-third of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells with normal aging. Also, old calorically restricted (CR) mice lost higher numbers of IGF-1R non-immunoreactive cells while maintaining similar counts of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells in comparison to old-Al mice. Consequently, old-CR mice show a higher percentage of IGF-1R immunoreactive cells reflecting increased hypothalamic sensitivity to IGF-1 in comparison to normally aging mice.[11][12]

Role in Craniosynostosis

Mutations in IGF1R have been associated with craniosynostosis.[13]

Inhibitors

Due to the similarity of the structures of IGF-1R and the insulin receptor (IR), especially in the regions of the ATP binding site and tyrosine kinase regions, synthesising selective inhibitors of IGF-1R is difficult. Prominent in current research are three main classes of inhibitor:

  1. Tyrphostins such as AG538[14] and AG1024. These are in early pre-clinical testing. They are not thought to be ATP-competitive, although they are when used in EGFR as described in QSAR studies. These show some selectivity towards IGF-1R over IR.
  2. Pyrrolo(2,3-d)-pyrimidine derivatives such as NVP-AEW541, which show far greater (100 fold) selectivity towards IGF-1R over IR.
  3. Monoclonal antibodies are probably the most specific and promising therapeutic compounds. Those currently undergoing trials include figitumumab.

Interactions

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor has been shown to interact with SOCS3,[15] PTPN11,[16][17] SOCS2,[18] GRB10,[19][20][21][22] PIK3R3,[23] C-src tyrosine kinase,[24] EHD1,[25] Cbl gene,[26] RAS p21 protein activator 1,[17] IRS1,[16][20][27] ARHGEF12,[28] YWHAE,[29] Mdm2,[26] SHC1[20][27][30] and NEDD4.[19][26]

Regulation

There is evidence to suggest that IGF1R is negatively regulated by the microRNA miR-7.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gregory CW, DeGeorges A, Sikes RA (2001). "The IGF axis in the development and progression of prostate cancer". Recent Research Developments in Cancer: 437–462. ISBN 81-7895-002-2. 
  2. ^ Jones JI, Clemmons DR (February 1995). "Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions". Endocr. Rev. 16 (1): 3–34. PMID 7758431. 
  3. ^ LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT (April 1995). "Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Endocr. Rev. 16 (2): 143–63. PMID 7540132. 
  4. ^ Warshamana-Greene GS, Litz J, Buchdunger E, García-Echeverría C, Hofmann F, Krystal GW (2005). "The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor, NVP-ADW742, sensitizes small cell lung cancer cell lines to the effects of chemotherapy". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (4): 1563–71. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1544. PMID 15746061. 
  5. ^ Jones HE, Goddard L, Gee JM, Hiscox S, Rubini M, Barrow D, Knowlden JM, Williams S, Wakeling AE, Nicholson RI (2004). "Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling and acquired resistance to gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) in human breast and prostate cancer cells". Endocr. Relat. Cancer 11 (4): 793–814. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00799. PMID 15613453. 
  6. ^ Hellawell GO, Turner GD, Davies DR, Poulsom R, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM (May 2002). "Expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is up-regulated in primary prostate cancer and commonly persists in metastatic disease". Cancer Res. 62 (10): 2942–50. PMID 12019176. 
  7. ^ Krueckl SL, Sikes RA, Edlund NM, Bell RH, Hurtado-Coll A, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Cox ME (December 2004). "Increased insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression and signaling are components of androgen-independent progression in a lineage-derived prostate cancer progression model". Cancer Res. 64 (23): 8620–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2446. PMID 15574769. 
  8. ^ Yao H, Dashner EJ, van Golen CM, van Golen KL (April 2006). "RhoC GTPase is required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion but not motility". Oncogene 25 (16): 2285–96. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209260. PMID 16314838. 
  9. ^ Klopfleisch R, Hvid H, Klose P, da Costa A, Gruber AD. (December 2010). "Insulin receptor is expressed in normal canine mammary gland and benign adenomas but decreased in metastatic canine mammary carcinomas similar to human breast cancer.". Veterinary Comparative Oncology 8 (4): 293–301. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00232.x. PMID 21062411. 
  10. ^ Klopfleisch R, Lenze D, Hummel M, Gruber AD. (November 2010). "Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles.". BMC Cancer 9: 618. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-618. PMC 2994823. PMID 21062462. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2994823. 
  11. ^ Saeed O, Yaghmaie F, Garan SA, Gouw AM, Voelker MA, Sternberg H, Timiras PS (2007). "Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor immunoreactive cells are selectively maintained in the paraventricular hypothalamus of calorically restricted mice". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 25 (1): 23–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.11.004. PMID 17194562. 
  12. ^ Yaghmaie F, Saeed O, Garan SA, Voelker MA, Gouw AM, Freitag W, Sternberg H, Timiras PS (2006). "Age-dependent loss of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor immunoreactive cells in the supraoptic hypothalamus is reduced in calorically restricted mice". Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 24 (7): 431–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.08.008. PMID 17034982. 
  13. ^ Cunningham ML, Horst JA, Rieder MJ, Hing AV, Stanaway IB, Park SS, Samudrala R, Speltz ML. "IGF1R variants associated with isolated single suture craniosynostosis". Am J Med Genet A 155 (1): 91–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33781. PMID 21204214. 
  14. ^ Blum G, Gazit A, Levitzki A (2000). "Substrate competitive inhibitors of IGF-1 receptor kinase". Biochemistry 39 (51): 15705–12. doi:10.1021/bi001516y. PMID 11123895. 
  15. ^ Dey, B R; Furlanetto R W, Nissley P (Nov. 2000). "Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 protein interacts with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (UNITED STATES) 278 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3762. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 11071852. 
  16. ^ a b Mañes, S; Mira E, Gómez-Mouton C, Zhao Z J, Lacalle R A, Martínez-A C (Apr. 1999). "Concerted activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and focal adhesion kinase in regulation of cell motility". Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 19 (4): 3125–35. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 84106. PMID 10082579. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84106. 
  17. ^ a b Seely, B L; Reichart D R, Staubs P A, Jhun B H, Hsu D, Maegawa H, Milarski K L, Saltiel A R, Olefsky J M (Aug. 1995). "Localization of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor binding sites for the SH2 domain proteins p85, Syp, and GTPase activating protein". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (32): 19151–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.32.19151. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7642582. 
  18. ^ Dey, B R; Spence S L, Nissley P, Furlanetto R W (Sep. 1998). "Interaction of human suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-2 with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (37): 24095–101. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.37.24095. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9727029. 
  19. ^ a b Vecchione, Andrea; Marchese Adriano, Henry Pauline, Rotin Daniela, Morrione Andrea (May. 2003). "The Grb10/Nedd4 complex regulates ligand-induced ubiquitination and stability of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Mol. Cell. Biol. (United States) 23 (9): 3363–72. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.9.3363-3372.2003. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 153198. PMID 12697834. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153198. 
  20. ^ a b c Dey, B R; Frick K, Lopaczynski W, Nissley S P, Furlanetto R W (Jun. 1996). "Evidence for the direct interaction of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor with IRS-1, Shc, and Grb10". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 10 (6): 631–41. doi:10.1210/me.10.6.631. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 8776723. 
  21. ^ He, W; Rose D W, Olefsky J M, Gustafson T A (Mar. 1998). "Grb10 interacts differentially with the insulin receptor, insulin-like growth factor I receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor via the Grb10 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a second novel domain located between the pleckstrin homology and SH2 domains". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (12): 6860–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.12.6860. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9506989. 
  22. ^ Morrione, A; Valentinis B, Li S, Ooi J Y, Margolis B, Baserga R (Jul. 1996). "Grb10: A new substrate of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor". Cancer Res. (UNITED STATES) 56 (14): 3165–7. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 8764099. 
  23. ^ Mothe, I; Delahaye L, Filloux C, Pons S, White M F, Van Obberghen E (Dec. 1997). "Interaction of wild type and dominant-negative p55PIK regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling proteins". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 11 (13): 1911–23. doi:10.1210/me.11.13.1911. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 9415396. 
  24. ^ Arbet-Engels, C; Tartare-Deckert S, Eckhart W (Feb. 1999). "C-terminal Src kinase associates with ligand-stimulated insulin-like growth factor-I receptor". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (9): 5422–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.9.5422. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10026153. 
  25. ^ Rotem-Yehudar, R; Galperin E, Horowitz M (Aug. 2001). "Association of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor with EHD1 and SNAP29". J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 276 (35): 33054–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009913200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11423532. 
  26. ^ a b c Sehat, Bita; Andersson Sandra, Girnita Leonard, Larsson Olle (Jul. 2008). "Identification of c-Cbl as a new ligase for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor with distinct roles from Mdm2 in receptor ubiquitination and endocytosis". Cancer Res. (United States) 68 (14): 5669–77. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6364. PMID 18632619. 
  27. ^ a b Tartare-Deckert, S; Sawka-Verhelle D, Murdaca J, Van Obberghen E (Oct. 1995). "Evidence for a differential interaction of SHC and the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) with the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor in the yeast two-hybrid system". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (40): 23456–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.40.23456. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7559507. 
  28. ^ Taya, S; Inagaki N, Sengiku H, Makino H, Iwamatsu A, Urakawa I, Nagao K, Kataoka S, Kaibuchi K (Nov. 2001). "Direct interaction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor with leukemia-associated RhoGEF". J. Cell Biol. (United States) 155 (5): 809–20. doi:10.1083/jcb.200106139. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2150867. PMID 11724822. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2150867. 
  29. ^ Craparo, A; Freund R, Gustafson T A (Apr. 1997). "14-3-3 (epsilon) interacts with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and insulin receptor substrate I in a phosphoserine-dependent manner". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 272 (17): 11663–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11663. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9111084. 
  30. ^ Santen, R J; Song R X, Zhang Z, Kumar R, Jeng M-H, Masamura A, Lawrence J, Berstein L, Yue W (Jul. 2005). "Long-term estradiol deprivation in breast cancer cells up-regulates growth factor signaling and enhances estrogen sensitivity". Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 12 (England) Suppl 1 (Supplement_1): S61–73. doi:10.1677/erc.1.01018. ISSN 1351-0088. PMID 16113100. 
  31. ^ Jiang, Lu; Liu, Xiqiang; Chen, Zujian; Jin, Yi; Heidbreder, Caroline E.; Kolokythas, Antonia; Wang, Anxun; Dai, Yang et al. (2010). "MicroRNA-7 targets IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells". Biochemical Journal 432 (1): 199–205. doi:10.1042/BJ20100859. PMID 20819078. 

Further reading

External links